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Pietro Brandmayr - University of Calabria, Giovanni Battista Carulli - University of Trieste, Franco Frilli†  - University of Udine, Boris Kryštufek – University of Primorska, Koper (Slovenia), Walter Leitner – University of Innsbruck (Austria), Alessandro Minelli - University of Padua, Elisabetta Mottes – Superintendence for Books and Archaeological Heritage of Trento, Marco Peresani - University of Ferrara, Livio Poldini†  - University of Trieste, Graziano Rossi - University of Pavia, Giovanni Sburlino - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Gerhard Tarmann – Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck (Austria), Ian Tattersall - American Museum of Natural History, New York (USA), Andrea Tintori - University of Milan, Franco Vaia - University of Trieste, Rupert Wild - Stuttgart (Germany), Adriano Zanferrari - University of Udine

Geo-Palaeontology: Chiara Calligaris, Trieste; Alberto Castellarin, Bologna; Carlo Corradini, Trieste; Alessandro Fontana, Padua; Paolo Forti, Bologna; Paolo Mietto, Padua; Giulio Pavia, Turin; Maurizio Ponton, Trieste; Oliver Rieppel, Chicago (IL, USA); Benedetto Sala, Ferrara; Corrado Venturini, Bologna.
Palaethnology: Giovanni Boschian, Pisa; Michele Lanzinger, Trento; Cristina Lemorini, Rome; Mauro Rottoli, Como; Ulrike Töchterle, Innsbruck (Austria); Alenka Tomaž, Koper (Slovenia).
Botany: Michele Aleffi, Camerino (Macerata); Gabriella Buffa, Venice; Michele Codogno, Trieste; Igor Dakskobler, Ljubljana (Slovenia); Romeo Di Pietro, Rome; Giorgio Honsell, Udine; Nejc Jogan, Ljubljana (Slovenia); Harald Niklfeld, Vienna (Austria); Pierluigi Nimis, Trieste; Filippo Prosser, Rovereto; Roberto Venanzoni, Perugia; Thomas Wilhalm, Bolzano.
Zoology: Giovanni Amori, Rome; Paolo Audisio, Rome; Carlo Belfiore, Viterbo; Guido Chelazzi, Florence; Romolo Fochetti, Viterbo; Paolo Fontana, San Michele all'Adige (Trento); Giulio Gardini, Genoa; Folco Giusti, Siena; Ernst Heiss, Innsbruck (Austria); Peter Huemer, Innsbruck (Austria); Manfred A. Jäch, Vienna (Austria); Franz Krapp, Bonn (Germany); Benedetto Lanza, Florence; Hans Malicky, Lunz Am See (Austria); Luigi Masutti, Padua; Tone Novak, Maribor (Slovenia); Fabio Stoch, Rome; Luciano Süss, Milan; Pietro Zandigiacomo, Udine; Marzio Zapparoli, Viterbo.

The full texts of the proposed articles must be submitted by 30th June of each year in order to be published in the current year's issue.
The articles proposed and accepted for publication in the journal Gortania are published, in print and electronic versions, without any financial burden on the author(s).
The articles proposed for publication must be original, not have been submitted to other journals or magazines, have a solid methodological framework and up-to-date bibliographical references. Papers in Italian and English are accepted, while other languages will be evaluated by the Editorial Board. From the receipt of the proposal, the article editing process will take approximately 120 days.
The journal implements the double blind review system. Each paper will be evaluated by an external reviewer, whose judgement will be notified to the relevant author, should there be more than one author. The Editor is responsible for accepting or rejecting the paper.
Once the article has been accepted for publication, only one single proofreading for typographical or layout amendments is allowed. The papers accepted for printing must be corrected and returned to the Editorial Board, preferably within 20 days of receipt. Otherwise, the Editorial Board does not guarantee that the article will be published in the current issue.
The paper must not exceed 106,000 characters, including spaces, as well as the abstract, text, images, tables, acknowledgements and bibliography. Exceptions to this must be agreed with the journal’s Editorial Board. A printed page of the journal consists of approximately 5300 characters, including spaces.
Please note that the authors must hold the necessary authorisations for the publication of the data and the graphic and photographic items, which must be exempt from the payment of any fees or royalties. If the images do not belong to the author(s) of the paper, the source must be stated in the caption.
The authors are recommended to adhere strictly to the editorial rules, which only cover certain cases, so please remember to adopt the general rule of uniformity, i.e. once a certain criterion has been chosen, it must be adhered to throughout the contribution.
Text features
The text must be prepared in Word format for printing in its full and final version and the file must be named with the name of the first author of the paper, and the same applies to the images, tables, figures and captions. Do not include images and tables in the text, but always send them in separate files.
Times New Roman font size 12 must be used for chapter titles and main text, while Times New Roman font size 10 must be used for captions and bibliography.
The layout of the text must be single-column, without justification, but left-aligned, without separation of words between lines and carefully arranging the desired paragraphs. It is preferable not to use setting tabs and indentation, bold and underlined characters; italics may be used for words in languages other than the language used for the contribution, including Latin names of species and subspecies.
The captions of and keys to all tables and figures must be accompanied by an English translation if the text is in the Italian language and an Italian translation if the text is in English. Footnotes are allowed as long as they do not exceed 10 lines. Formulas, equations, fractions and the like must be centred on the line, numbered with an Arabic number in brackets in the left margin and separated from the text above and below by a line.
 
Structure of the article
The text file should be organised as follows:
1.             Title in Italian and English
2.             Author(s)
3.             Home institution/organisation with the relevant contact details including e-mail addresses. A sequential number must be added as a superscript to the surname of each Author for the reference to their respective Home institution/organisation, unless all the Authors are from the same institution/organisation.
Example:
Livio Poldini1, Marisa Vidali1, Massimo Buccheri2
1Department of Biology, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste
2Friulian Museum of Natural History, Via Sabbadini 32, I-33100 Udine
4.             Indication of the author of reference in the case of articles drafted by several authors
5.             Abstract in Italian and English of maximum 1000 characters each (including spaces) without bibliographical references
6.             Five keywords in Italian and English
7.       Text of the contribution, organised in chapters and subdivided, if applicable, into paragraphs and subparagraphs
Example:
Chapter title (lower case and bold)
Paragraph title (lower case and round)
Subparagraph (lower case and italics)
8.       Acknowledgements
9.       Bibliography
 
Tables and figures
Tables and figures should be provided in separate files: tables in Excel format and maps, drawings and photographs in EPS, TIFF or JPEG format.
Tables and figures should be numbered consecutively with Roman numerals and Arabic numerals respectively. Tables and figures are to be referred to in full within the text, with a lower case initial if out of brackets, e.g.: "as shown in figure 1", or in abbreviated form with a capital initial if in brackets. For example: (Fig. 1) or (Figs. 1, 2). If the figure consists of several images, these must be numbered internally and quoted as follows (Fig. 1/3). The reference of the figure in the text will guide the choice of their position, although this preference may vary for typographical reasons.
 
Please note that the size of the grid where the illustrations will be placed is 17.5 cm (base) x 23 cm, excluding the caption, and that the resolution of photographs (B/W: greyscale) must be at least 300 dpi, preferably 600 dpi
Please specify in the captions the scale of the exhibits illustrated in the figures or insert a metric scale and indicate the archive of origin and, if applicable, the photographer.
 
Quantities, symbols and nomenclature
For units of measurement, reference must be made to the International System of Units (SI). Symbols and combined expressions in the text, tables and figures should be written with a negative exponent (e.g.: m s-1 rather than m/s or m x sec-1 ; µg l-1 rather than ppb or µg/l). The decimal spacer is represented by the comma in the Italian papers and the dot in the English ones. Thousands must be indicated by a full stop in Italian articles and a comma in the English ones.
As regards the biological nomenclature, authors must refer to the International Code of Zoological, Botanical and Bacteria Nomenclature. The scientific name of the species (in Latin) must be in italics. When a species is mentioned for the first time in the text, the genus in full and the author's name must be given. In the subsequent references, the genus may be displayed only with the capital letter and the author of the species omitted.
Please, comply with the following frequent abbreviations:
Abbreviations with a full stop
 
bibl. bibliography
cat. catalogue
cfr. see
fr. fragment(s)
inv. inventory
n. number(s)
op. cit. cited work
e.g., for example
n.d. no date
c. century
n.p.no place
s./ss. following
suppl. supplement
 
Abbreviations without a full stop
approx. approximately
h height
L length
l width
max maximum
mm, cm, m, km, g, kg
th thickness
 
Other abbreviations
Ø diameter
N, S, W, E, NW, NE etc.
 
Bibliographic references
Bibliographic references in the text must show in small caps only the Author's surname followed by the year of publication and, if applicable, the page and references to illustrations. If there are two Authors, only the surnames must be given separated by &, while, if there are more than two Authors, only the surname of the first Author must be specified followed by et al. Citations in the text must be listed in chronological order separated by semicolon.
Examples:
Lapini (2002); (Belfiore 1994a; 1994b); (Belfiore & Buffagni 1986); (Belfiore et al. 1988); (Buffagni 1980; Belfiore & Buffagni 1996).
 
Final bibliography
Bibliography must only include the Authors cited in the text in alphabetical order. For each Author, references must be listed in chronological order. If an Author has published several works in the same year, the year of publication should be followed by a lower case letter: 2022a, 2022b etc. If an Author has published both as a single Author and as a co-author, publications in which he/she is the single Author must be listed first, followed by those in which he/she worked with only one co-author (listed in alphabetical order of the second author), then with two co-authors, etc. For more than two co-authors, the chronological order should be followed. Works under printing should preferably be cited if formally accepted for publication. In this case, 'cds' is specified in brackets.
Different graphics are not accepted in the case of articles, conference records, monographs or other documents. References must follow the guidelines set out below:
surname of the author(s) (in small caps), initial of the first name(s) without any comma before, year of publication only followed by a comma, title of the work in italics, comma, specification of the city/location of publication and publisher, page number(s) preceded by p./pp. (or c./cc. if column(s)) as follows:
 
-for journals: the name of the journal must be abbreviated preferably based on the indications of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) (http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/), except when it consists of a single word or is not listed by the ISI, comma, volume number and/or year (keep the Arabic or Roman numeral present in the journal), comma, number of pages.
 (keep the year number of the journal if different from the year of publication).
 -for collective works: enter in brackets the surname and initial of the editor(s) (in small caps), (ed.) or (eds) in the case of several authors, followed by the year of publication, followed by title of the work in italics (not inside quotation marks), followed by city, publisher, number of pages.
-for monographs: the title is followed by city, publisher and number of pages.
 -for proceedings of conferences: Proceedings (Proc. or Actes, etc. in the original language) conference title in italics, followed by the venue, date and year of the conference in brackets, city, publisher, number of pages.
 -for exhibition catalogues: surname and first name of the curator(s) (in small caps), title of the exhibition in italics, exhibition catalogue, followed by city of the exhibition, date and/or year of the exhibition in brackets, city, publisher, number of pages.
 -for bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral dissertations or thesis:
 -for websites

Gortania relies on ethical and scientific independence principles. The Steering Committee together with the authors, editorial board members and reviewers shares and is responsible for the following principles, which are based on the code of ethics for publications drawn up by COPE: Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors (https://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf).

Duties of the Journal's editors
Decisions on publication
The editors of Gortania are responsible for deciding whether or not the proposed articles should be published. The editors may consult with the referees to make this decision. In their decisions, the editors are bound by the strategies and editorial approach of the journal. They are also bound by the applicable legal provisions on defamation, copyright infringement and plagiarism.
Fairness and non-discrimination
The editors evaluate the articles proposed for publication on the basis of their scientific value, relevance and originality without discriminating against the authors (based on their gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnic origin, nationality, political orientation, etc.).
Confidentiality and conflict of interest
Editors undertake to refrain from disclosing information about the articles proposed for publication to persons other than the author, the referees and the publisher or printer, and undertake not to use for their own research the contents of unpublished articles without the express written consent of the author.

Referees' Duties
Contribution to editorial decision
Peer-review is a process supporting the editors in the assessment of the scientific quality of the proposed articles and also allows the author to improve his/her contribution.
Respect for time
Any referee who does not feel suitable or sufficiently qualified for the task of reviewing the research in the article or who deems to be unable to review it within the specified term must notify the Journal’s editors thereof as soon as possible and withdraw from the review process.
Fairness and objectivity
Peer-review must be carried out in a fairly and objectively. Referees must justify their evaluations of the article submitted to them and provide the appropriate documentation. Any personal judgement of the author is inappropriate: personal criticism or offence of an author is not permitted. Comments must be technically well formulated and cannot be construed as ideological criticism nor, in any case, include scientific-cultural assumptions of a personal nature. Each statement, observation or argument reported must preferably be accompanied by a corresponding quotation and/or documentation.
Confidentiality
Any text assigned for reading must be considered confidential. Therefore, such texts must not be discussed with other persons without the express permission of the editors.
Indication of texts, if required
The referee must precisely specify the bibliographical references of fundamental works that the author may have overlooked in his/her article. The referee should also point out to the editors any similarities or overlaps of the text received for reading with other works known to him/her.
Conflict of interest
The articles received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with anyone without the prior authorisation from the editors. Confidential information or data collected during the peer-review process must be held in confidence and trust: they may not be used for personal benefit. Referees must not to accept for reading articles for which a conflict of interest arises due to previous specific collaborative or competitive relationships with the author (inherently unknown, but in any case identified by deduction) and/or to connections with authors, organisations or institutions related to the article.

Authors' duties
Scientific originality
The author guarantees that the article submitted for evaluation is unpublished, scientifically original and not submitted simultaneously to other journals, volumes or periodicals, except with the express consent of the editors.
The author must also properly quote the texts used, in accordance with the editorial rules for publication in the Journal, taking care that the work and/or words of other authors are adequately paraphrased or quoted literally with appropriate evidence of the sources.
Access and preservation of data
If the editors deem it appropriate, the authors of articles should also make available the sources or data on which the research is based, so that they can be retained for a reasonable period of time after publication and possibly be made accessible.
Authorship of the work
All persons who made a significant contribution to the creation, organisation, realisation and reworking of the research underlying the article must be mentioned as co-authors. If other persons made a substantial contribution in certain stages of the research, their work must be explicitly acknowledged.
In the case of contributions written by several co-authors, the author submitting the text to the Journal implicitly admits that he/she correctly stated the names of all other co-authors, that he/she obtained their approval of the final version of the article and their consent to publication.
Conflict of interest and disclosure
All authors are required to explicitly declare that there are no conflicts of interest that could have affected their results or proposed interpretations. Authors must also specify the funding bodies, if any, of the research and/or project from which the article stems.
Errors in published articles
When an author identifies a relevant error or inaccuracy in one of his/her articles, he/she must promptly inform the Journal’s editors and provide them with all the information they need to point out the necessary changes at the bottom or in an appendix to the article. The author must also correct the article by actively collaborating with the editorial team, even if he/she is notified by the Journal's editors, unless he/she agrees to do so.

Open access policy
Gortania is published under an Open Access licence. All its content is available free of charge. Users may read, download, copy, distribute, print, and search the full text of articles without requiring the author's or publisher's consent. The right to use the content without consent does not exempt users from the obligation to credit the Journal and its content in accordance with the provisions of the Licences section below.

Licences
Gortania is published in Open Access under the Publisher's Policy Pensa MultiMedia and with Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en).
The author is free to:
-share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work;
-use - all or part of the article(s);
under the following conditions:
-attribution and citation; the work(s) must be attributed and cited by specifying the name(s) of the author(s), the journal, the title of the article, the publisher, the year (but not in any way that suggests that they support you or your use of the work);
being understood that:
- waiver: any of the above conditions may be waived if explicit permission is obtained from the copyright holder;
-public domain: if the work or part thereof is in the public domain under the applicable law, that status may not in any way be affected by the licence;
-other rights: the licence shall in no way affect the following rights: the right to fair use or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; the moral and intellectual rights of the author and publisher; rights that third parties may have in the work itself or in the way the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.
-Please note: for any re-use or distribution, the other terms of the licence of this work must be explained to third parties. The best way to do this is with a link to this webpage.

Copyright
Authors publishing in this journal accept the following conditions:
-authors shall retain the rights to their work and assign to the journal the right of first publication of the work, simultaneously licenced under a Creative Commons - Attribution Licence that allows to other people to share the work specifying the intellectual authorship and first publication in this journal.
-authors may enter into other non-exclusive licence agreements for the distribution of the published version of the work (e.g. filing it with an institutional archive or publishing it in a monograph), provided that they specify that the first publication was in this journal.
-authors may disseminate their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it may lead to productive exchanges and increase citations of the published work.

Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in published works do not express the views of the editors and editorial staff. The authors assume legal and moral responsibility for the ideas expressed in the articles. The publisher shall not liable in the event of any claims for damages. The publisher shall not be held legally liable in the event of claims for damages.